In 1978, astronomers learned that Pluto (which was then considered the outermost planet but is now classified as a dwarf planet rather than as a planet) has a moon, Charon, half as big across as Pluto itself. Over the next decade, astronomers succeeded in obtaining accurate measurements of the diameters of Pluto and Charon. Relying in part on knowledge of the orbital characteristics of Pluto and Charon, astronomers were then able to estimate the mass of Pluto. Information about Pluto's diameter and the estimates of its mass made estimates of Pluto's density (i.e., average density) possible. These estimates in turn provided clues to Pluto's composition.
When astronomers divided the estimated mass of Pluto by its observed volume, they found that Pluto is nearly twice as dense as water. This finding came as a surprise for two reasons. Spectrographic observations of Pluto had revealed that its surface is composed of frozen methane, which has a low density. If Pluto were composed entirely of frozen methane, it would have a density only a little more than half that of water. In addition, the density of planets, dwarf planets, and planetary satellites in our solar system (excluding the gaseous outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) generally decreases with the distance from the Sun. The four inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are primarily made of rock and iron and are four to five times as dense as water. By contrast, the measured densities of the main satellites of Jupiter are between two and three times that of water, while the smaller moons of Saturn have a density close to that of water; in fact, some of Saturn's moons are virtually pure ice.
For these reasons astronomers had assumed that Pluto would be composed mainly of either frozen water or frozen methane; if the newly derived density is correct, however, Pluto must be approximately three - quarters rock. Most of the rest is probably frozen water, with some frozen methane. It seems likely that Pluto once suffered a meltdown, during which about one - third of its ice turned into water. As a result the rock sank to Pluto's center. Currently surrounding the rocky core is a mantle of frozen water, with some methane trapped in the surface levels.