先来看这样一段论证:

生物的双侧对称结构是一种常见特征。由此可见,这种结构能为生物体带来生存优势。毕竟,如果双侧对称结构不具备这种优势,它就不会如此常见。


这段话存在什么逻辑漏洞?

其实,这段论证只是在重复观点,而非证明观点。它的结论同时也是前提,论证的出发点就是默认结论为真,随后又宣称该结论成立。

我们可以把这段论证拆解为逻辑表达式:


若 A(双侧对称结构)不具有属性 B(带来生存优势),则 A 就不会表现出特征 C(普遍存在)。

因为 A 表现出了特征 C(普遍存在),所以 A 具有属性 B(带来生存优势)。


需要注意的是,论证过程中并没有试图证明 “A 表现出特征 C 意味着 A 具有属性 B” 这一核心关联,也没有解释特征 C 与属性 B 之间的因果关系。整个推理的逻辑是:如果 A 不具备 B,就不会有 C, 这本质上是把结论当作了推理的前提。


这种论证方式就是循环论证,属于逻辑谬误的一种。其核心问题在于:将需要证明的结论,当作了支撑结论的前提。


理解循环论证对 GMAT 备考有什么意义?在CR题型中,有一种题目要求你模仿题干的推理方式,这类题就需要你准确识别出循环论证这种逻辑谬误,再找到推理方式完全一致的选项。


我们沿用上面的例子,来看一道对应的考题:

Anatomical bilateral symmetry is a common trait. It follows, therefore, that it confers survival advantages on organisms. After all, if bilateral symmetry did not confer such advantages, it would not be common.

The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to that in the argument above?

(A) Since it is Sawyer who is negotiating for the city government, it must be true that the city takes the matter seriously. After all, if Sawyer had not been available, the city would have insisted that the negotiations be deferred.

(B) Clearly, no candidate is better qualified for the job than Trumbull. In fact, even to suggest that there might be a more highly qualified candidate seems absurd to those who have seen Trumbull at work.

(C) If Powell lacked superior negotiating skills, she would not have been appointed arbitrator in this case. As everyone knows, she is the appointed arbitrator, so her negotiating skills are, detractors notwithstanding, bound to be superior.

(D) Since Varga was away on vacation at the time, it must have been Rivers who conducted the secret negotiations. Any other scenario makes little sense, for Rivers never does the negotiating unless Varga is unavailable.

(E) If Wong is appointed arbitrator, a decision will be reached promptly. Since it would be absurd to appoint anyone other than Wong as arbitrator, a prompt decision can reasonably be expected.

我们已经确定,题干的推理方式存在循环论证的漏洞。现在逐一分析选项,找出推理方式相同的答案。


选项 A 分析

推理结构:

若 A(索耶)不具备属性 B(有空参与),则 C(市政府)会采取行动 D(要求推迟谈判)。

因为 A 具备属性 B(有空参与谈判),所以 C(市政府)持有态度 E(重视此事)。

显然,该结构与题干的推理结构并不一致。


选项 B 分析

推理结构:

A(见过特拉姆布尔工作的人)认为观点 B(特拉姆布尔不是最佳人选)很荒谬,因此观点 B 是错误的。

这不属于循环论证。论证过程中并没有预先假设观点 B 为假,只是以 “部分人的看法” 作为依据,属于另一种逻辑谬误,而非循环论证。


选项 C 分析

推理结构:

若 A(鲍威尔)不具有属性 B(出色的谈判技巧),则 A 就不会获得身份 C(被任命为仲裁员)。

因为 A 获得了身份 C(已被任命为仲裁员),所以 A 具有属性 B(谈判技巧出色)。

该选项的推理结构与题干完全一致,同样属于循环论证。它的核心逻辑是 “若 A 不具备 B,就不会有 C;因为有 C,所以 A 具备 B”,本质上是把结论当作了推理前提。

因此,选项 C 为正确答案。


选项 D 分析

推理结构:

若 A(瓦尔加)具备属性 B(有空),则 C(里弗斯)不会采取行动 D(主持谈判)。

因为 A 不具备属性 B(正在休假、没空),所以 C 采取了行动 D(主持谈判)。

该推理存在逻辑漏洞:前提只说明了 A 具备 B 时的情况,并未说明 A 不具备 B 时的必然结果,因此无法得出后续结论。但这不属于循环论证,故排除。


选项 E 分析

推理结构:

若 A(王)获得身份 B(被任命为仲裁员),则会产生结果 C(快速得出裁决)。

因为不授予 A 身份 B 的做法很荒谬,所以结果 C(快速裁决)会出现。

该论证的说服力较弱,但不属于循环论证,故排除。


练习题

再来做一道题巩固所学知识:

Dr. A: The new influenza vaccine is useless at best and possibly dangerous. I would never use it on a patient.

Dr. B: But three studies published in the Journal of Medical Associates have rated that vaccine as unusually effective.

Dr. A: The studies must have been faulty because the vaccine is worthless.In which of the following is the reasoning most similar to that of Dr. A?

(A) Three of my patients have been harmed by that vaccine during the past three weeks, so the vaccine is unsafe.

(B) Jerrold Jersey recommends this milk, and I don’t trust Jerrold Jersey, so I won’t buy this milk.

(C) Wingz tennis balls perform best because they are far more effective than any other tennis balls.

(D) I’m buying Vim Vitamins. Doctors recommend them more often than they recommend any other vitamins, so Vim Vitamins must be good.

(E) Since University of Muldoon graduates score about 20 percent higher than average on the GMAT, Sheila Lee, a University of Muldoon graduate, will score about 20 percent higher than average when she takes the GMAT.