题目
In an experiment, chimpanzees of a certain species gave researchers tokens from a bucket in exchange for grapes. For presentation of a grey token, the chimpanzee who presented it got one grape; while presentation of red token brought two grapes; one grape for that chimpanzee and another grape for an unfamiliar chimpanzee visible through a screen. The chimpanzees usually choose the red tokens. The researchers concluded that chimpanzees of that species are motivated by the desire to help other chimpanzees as well as themselves.
Performing one or more experiments to answer which of the following question would contribute most to evaluate the interpretation given to the experiment described above?
选项
A.Do chimpanzees of the same species as those in the experiment described above tend to prefer grapes over other fruits?
B.If the chimpanzees were given more grapes for each color of token, than were given for those colors in the experiment described above, would the pattern of outcome be changed?
C.Would using apes of a species different from the chimpanzees in the experiment described above give a different result?
D.Which color preferences, if any, are found among chimpanzees of the same species as those in the experiment described above?
E.Is the apparently altruistic behavior among chimpanzees in the experiment described above instinctive or learned?
解析
在一项实验中,某一物种的黑猩猩从桶里拿出代币交给研究人员以换取葡萄。当拿出灰色代币时,交出该代币的黑猩猩会得到一颗葡萄;而拿出红色代币则能得到两颗葡萄,其中一颗给交出红色代币的黑猩猩,另一颗给通过屏幕能看到的陌生黑猩猩。黑猩猩通常会选择红色代币。研究人员得出结论,该物种的黑猩猩不仅有自身的欲望动机,还有帮助其他黑猩猩的欲望动机。 - **论点**:该物种的黑猩猩受帮助自己以及其他黑猩猩的欲望所驱动。
- **论据**:黑猩猩在可以选择拿灰色代币得1颗葡萄和拿红色代币自己得1颗且陌生黑猩猩也得1颗(共2颗)的情况下,通常选择红色代币。
- **正确答案方向**:答案应该能够提供一些信息,有助于判断黑猩猩选择红色代币到底是因为有帮助其他黑猩猩的动机还是其他与颜色偏好等无关的因素。如果某个选项能在这方面提供有效信息来支持或反驳研究人员的结论,那就是正确的。
- **A选项**:该选项询问的是黑猩猩是否更喜欢葡萄而不是其他水果,这与黑猩猩选择红色代币是出于帮助其他黑猩猩还是其他原因无关,不能对研究人员的结论起到评估作用。
- **B选项**:该选项说如果给每种颜色的代币更多葡萄,结果模式是否会改变。这并不能帮助确定黑猩猩选择红色代币是因为想帮助其他黑猩猩还是其他因素,比如只是因为想要更多葡萄而不涉及对其他黑猩猩的帮助动机等。
- **C选项**:使用不同物种的猿类是否会有不同结果,与本题所讨论的该物种黑猩猩选择红色代币的动机无关,不能对现有结论进行评估。
- **D选项**:了解该物种黑猩猩本身是否有颜色偏好,如果有颜色偏好,那么它们选择红色代币可能就不是因为想要帮助其他黑猩猩,而是因为对红色本身的偏好;如果没有颜色偏好,则更有可能是出于帮助其他黑猩猩等其他原因,能够有效评估研究人员的结论。
- **E选项**:黑猩猩的这种看似利他的行为是本能还是后天习得,这与黑猩猩在该实验中选择红色代币的直接动机(是因为帮助其他黑猩猩还是其他因素)无关,不能对结论起到评估作用。