题目

In a study conducted in Pennsylvania, servers in various restaurants wrote ""Thank you"" on randomly selected bills before presenting the bills to their customers. Tips on these bills were an average of three percentage points higher than tips on bills without the message. Therefore, if servers in Pennsylvania regularly wrote ""Thank you"" on restaurant bills, their average income from tips would be significantly higher than it otherwise would have been.


Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

选项

A.

The "Thank you" messages would have the same impact on regular patrons of a restaurant as they would on occasional patrons of the same restaurant. 

B.

Regularly seeing "Thank you" written on their bills would not lead restaurant patrons to revert to their earlier tipping habits.

C.

The written "Thank you" reminds restaurant patrons that tips constitute a significant part of the income of many food servers.

D.

The rate at which people tip food servers in Pennsylvania does not vary with how expensive a restaurant is. 

E.

Virtually all patrons of the Pennsylvania restaurants in the study who were given a bill with "Thank you" written on it left a larger tip than they otherwise would have.


解析

在宾夕法尼亚州进行的一项研究中,各个餐馆的服务员在随机选择的账单上写上“谢谢”,然后再把账单递给顾客。这些账单上的小费比没有写这条信息的账单上的小费平均高出三个百分点。因此,如果宾夕法尼亚州的服务员经常在餐馆账单上写“谢谢”,他们从小费中获得的平均收入将显著高于不写时的收入。


论据:在宾夕法尼亚州的实验中,随机写上“谢谢”的账单比没写的账单小费平均高三个百分点。


论点:如果服务员经常在账单上写“谢谢”,其平均小费收入会显著提高。


正确答案方向:正确答案应该是能够保证这种偶尔为之的写“谢谢”能带来小费提升的情况在经常写“谢谢”时依然成立的假设。即排除那些可能会导致经常写“谢谢”后就不再有小费提升效果的因素。


A选项:“谢谢”这条信息对餐馆的常客和偶尔光顾的顾客会产生相同的影响。


分析:该选项只是比较了不同类型顾客的反应,但即使对常客和偶尔光顾的顾客影响不同,也不能确定经常写“谢谢”后整体的小费收入就不会提高,只是增量多与少的区别,所以不是必要假设。


B选项:经常看到账单上写“谢谢”不会让餐馆顾客又回到他们以前的小费习惯。


分析:如果经常写“谢谢”会让顾客回到以前的小费习惯,那么就不会像论点说的那样平均小费收入显著提高,所以该选项排除了经常写“谢谢”后小费收入无法提高的一种可能,是必要假设。


C选项:写“谢谢”会提醒餐馆顾客小费是许多服务员收入的重要组成部分。


分析:这与经常写“谢谢”后小费收入是否能持续提高没有直接关联,即使不提醒顾客这一点,也不能说明经常写“谢谢”就不能提高小费收入,所以不是必要假设。


D选项:在宾夕法尼亚州,人们给服务员小费的比例不会因餐馆的价格高低而变化。


分析:餐馆价格与经常写“谢谢”能否提高小费收入并无直接关系,所以该选项不是必要假设。


E选项:实际上,在研究中所有收到写有“谢谢”账单的宾夕法尼亚餐馆顾客留下的小费都比他们原本会留的要多。


分析:即使不是所有收到写有“谢谢”账单的顾客都留更多小费,只要整体上平均小费有所提高就行,所以该选项不是必要假设。



答案


B

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