题目

Dr. A: The new influenza vaccine is useless at best and possibly dangerous. I would never use it on a patient.

Dr. B: But three studies published in the Journal of Medical Associates have rated that vaccine as unusually effective.

Dr. A: The studies must have been faulty because the vaccine is worthless.


In which of the following is the reasoning most similar to that of Dr. A?

选项

A.

Three of my patients have been harmed by that vaccine during the past three weeks, so the vaccine is unsafe.

B.

Jerrold Jersey recommends this milk, and I don’t trust Jerrold Jersey, so I won’t buy this milk.

C.

Wingzz tennis balls perform best because they are far more effective than any other tennis balls.

D.

I’m buying Vim Vitamins. Doctors recommend them more often than they recommend any other vitamins, so Vim Vitamins must be good.

E.

Since University of Muldoon graduates score about 20 percent higher than average on the GMAT, Sheila Lee, a University of Muldoon graduate, will score about 20 percent higher than average when she takes the GMAT.

解析

Dr. A:这题目种新流感疫苗充其量毫无用处,甚至可能有危险。我绝不会给病人使用它。 Dr. B:但《医学协会杂志》发表的三项研究都将该疫苗评为“异常有效”。 Dr. A:这些研究肯定有问题,**因为**这种疫苗毫无价值(所以研究的结论必然错误)。 - **Dr. A的推理逻辑**:先预设“疫苗无用”的结论为真,当遇到相反证据(三项研究称疫苗有效)时,**用结论本身(疫苗无用)否定该证据(研究有问题)**,属于**循环论证**(用结论的正确性预设,反驳反对证据)。 - **正确答案方向**:需找“预设结论为真,并用结论否定/支持对反证的判断”(或“用结论的同义表述作为论据”)的循环论证选项。 - **选项A**:“过去三周3个病人被疫苗伤害→疫苗不安全”。逻辑为“用例子归纳结论”,是归纳推理,与“用结论否定反证”的循环论证不同。 - **选项B**:“不信任推荐者Jerrold Jersey→不买他推荐的牛奶”。逻辑为“诉诸人身(因对人不信任否定其推荐)”,与循环论证无关。 - **选项C**:“Wingzz网球表现最好,**因为**它们比其他网球都有效”。“表现最好”与“比其他更有效”是同义表述,属于**循环论证**(用结论的同义表述作为论据支持结论),与Dr. A“用结论否定反证”的循环逻辑本质一致(均预设结论为真,用结论相关判断支持核心逻辑)。 - **选项D**:“医生推荐Vim维生素比其他多→Vim维生素好”。逻辑为“诉诸权威(用医生推荐支持结论)”,与循环论证不同。 - **选项E**:“Muldoon大学毕业生GMAT平均分高20%→该校毕业生Sheila Lee的分数也会高20%”。逻辑为“错误归纳(用群体平均推断个体)”,与循环论证无关。 综上,只有选项C的推理(循环论证,用结论同义表述支持结论)与Dr. A(用结论否定反证的循环逻辑)最相似。 答案:C
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