题目
Psychology researchers found that manual laborers who were tutored on the fitness value of their tasks experienced marked health improvements. Despite workload and level of recreational exercise remaining constant, within four weeks of learning that their daily tasks provided good exercise, the participants lost an average of two pounds and achieved statistically meaningful reductions in body-fat percentage compared with an untutored group. The psychologists hypothesized that this improvement in fitness levels was a direct result of their heightened perception of themselves as fit.
Which of the following would be most useful to determine in evaluating the hypothesis?
选项
A.Whether people who believe themselves to be fit are likely to eat less than those who do not believe themselves to be fit
B.What percentage of the participants in the study believed themselves to be at least moderately fit before the study began
C.Whether frequently being ill tends to lead people to perceive themselves as not being fit
D.What percentage of the participants in the study continued after four weeks to lose weight and reduce their body-fat percentage
E.Whether the perception of oneself as fit causes one to enjoy, and thus participate more frequently in, recreational exercise
解析
心理学研究人员发现,接受过“自身工作具有健身价值”相关辅导的体力劳动者,健康状况有显著改善。尽管工作量和休闲锻炼水平保持不变,但在了解到日常工作能提供良好锻炼后的四周内,参与者平均减重2磅,且与未接受辅导的组相比,体脂率有统计学意义上的显著降低。心理学家假设:健身水平的提升**直接源于**他们对自己“健康”的认知增强。
论据:接受辅导的体力劳动者,在“工作量、休闲锻炼不变”的前提下,4周内减重、体脂率下降。
论点:健身水平提升的**直接原因**是“对自己健康的认知增强”。
**正确答案方向**: 需检验“是否存在其他干扰因素(如饮食变化)”。若存在其他因素(如“认为自己健康的人吃得更少”),则假设可能不成立;若不存在,则假设更可信。
- **选项A**:认为自己健康的人是否比不这么认为的人吃得更少。
若“是”,则减重可能源于“饮食减少”,而非“认知增强”(削弱假设);若“否”,则“认知增强”的作用更可信(支持假设)。该选项通过检验“饮食”这一潜在干扰因素,能有效**评估假设是否成立**,当选。
- **选项B**:研究开始前,参与者中认为自己“至少适度健康”的比例。
实验关注的是“辅导后认知的变化”对健身的影响,而非“研究前的认知比例”。该比例与“认知增强是否导致健身提升”无关,无法评估假设,排除。
- **选项C**:经常生病是否会让人觉得自己不健康。
实验的因果逻辑是“认知增强→健身提升”,而该选项的逻辑是“健康状况→认知”(方向相反),且与“减重、体脂率下降”的结果无关,无法评估假设,排除。
- **选项D**:四周后参与者是否继续减重、降体脂。
实验关注的是“四周内的变化是否由认知导致”,而该选项关注“四周后的变化”,与“认知是否为直接原因”无关,无法评估假设,排除。
- **选项E**:认为自己健康是否会让人更频繁参与休闲锻炼。
题目明确“休闲锻炼水平保持不变”,因此“认知→更频繁休闲锻炼”的情况在实验中不存在,无法通过该选项评估假设,排除。
答案:A