题目
A bag contains a total of 20 only red and white marbles, fewer than half of which are red. Two marbles are to be drawn simultaneously from the bag. How many marbles in bag are red?
(1) The probability that the two marbles to be drawn will be red is .
(2) The probability that one marble to be drawn will be red and the other will be white is .
选项
A.Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B.Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C.BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D.EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E.Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
解析
一个袋子里只装有红色和白色的弹珠,总共有20颗,其中红色弹珠不到总数的一半。要从袋子中同时取出两颗弹珠。袋子里有多少颗红色弹珠?
- **条件(1)**:取出的两颗弹珠都是红色的概率是\(\frac{1}{19}\)
- **条件(2)**:取出一颗红色弹珠和一颗白色弹珠的概率是\(\frac{15}{19}\)
### 分析 Statement (1)
> 抽到两颗都是红色弹珠的概率是 \( \frac{1}{19} \)
根据概率公式,从 \( R \) 颗红色弹珠中抽两颗的组合数,除以从全部 20 颗弹珠中抽两颗的组合数,等于 \( \frac{1}{19} \):
\[
\frac{\binom{R}{2}}{\binom{20}{2}} = \frac{1}{19}
\]
\[
\frac{R(R-1)}{20 \times 19} = \frac{1}{19}
\]
\[
\frac{R(R-1)}{380} = \frac{1}{19}
\]
\[
R(R-1) = \frac{380}{19} = 20
\]
\[
R^2 - R - 20 = 0
\]
解这个二次方程:
\[
(R - 5)(R + 4) = 0
\]
得到 \( R = 5 \) 或 \( R = -4 \)。弹珠数量不能为负,所以 \( R = 5 \)。
又因为 \( 5 < 10 \),满足“红色弹珠少于一半”的条件。
因此,Statement (1) **充分**。
### 分析 Statement (2)
> 抽到一颗红色、一颗白色弹珠的概率是 \( \frac{15}{19} \)
从 \( R \) 颗红色弹珠中抽 1 颗,从 \( 20-R \) 颗白色弹珠中抽 1 颗,组合数为 \( R(20-R) \)。
\[
\frac{R(20-R)}{\binom{20}{2}} = \frac{15}{19}
\]
\[
\frac{R(20-R)}{190} = \frac{15}{19}
\]
\[
R(20-R) = \frac{190 \times 15}{19} = 150
\]
\[
-R^2 + 20R - 150 = 0
\]
\[
R^2 - 20R + 150 = 0
\]
判别式 \( \Delta = (-20)^2 - 4 \times 1 \times 150 = 400 - 600 = -200 < 0 \),方程无实数解。
因此 Statement (2) **不充分**